Mobile Learning In Higher Education

Mobile Learning In Higher Education This essay provides the research done on various colleges and universities on the usage of mobile application in promoting Mobile Learning or mLearning within the premises of the college. It also gives a brief overview of the fundamental learning advantages and some of the challenges that occurred in adoption of the mLearning over the learning done by the use of mLearning than through traditional face to face instruction or paper based learning and the current trend which is being followed. This essay also tells us about what are the various projects or programs or models going all around the world to promote the mLearning and how many have already implemented mLearning. KEYWORDS Educational Technology, Higher Education, Mobile Applications, Mobile Learning, mLearning. INTRODUCTION The aim of this essay is to investigate the concept of m-learning and the extent to which it is being implemented in higher education and to educate the students and institutes that how technology can be helpful in learning the programmes or getting the knowledge about the subject of their interest anytime anywhere they are located with the help of devices such as Smart Phones and the applications are being used in those Smart Phones. Examples of the mobile apps: Apples iTunesU, BlackBoard Mobile, the Amazon Kindle etc. Ally (2009) stated that Mobile learning is done through the use of wireless mobile technology that allows anyone to access information and learning materials from anywhere and at anytime. As a result, learners have control of when they want to learn and from which location they want to learn. Students and trainers/teachers are empowered to communicate with each other from anywhere at any time to share thoughts or data with each other and at the same time they can access the learning resources from anywhere at any time to plan the lessons which are too delivered to the students. Bereiter and Scardamalia(1994) said that the users can upload contents such as videos, word file or photos through their smart phones directly, into the discussion threads just by logging into the thread which is ongoing or they can create a new thread at any time they want despite of their location. This will enhance the functions provided by 3rd generation mobile phones and help in making the discussion more interactive. Lonsdale et al (2004) Mobile learning is distinguished by rapid and continual changes of context, as the learner moves between locations and encounters localised resources, services, and co-learners. Informal learning covers any learning that takes place beyond the classroom and formal curriculum, including learning for hobbies, curiosity, personal development, community involvement and everyday survival. What is Mobile Learning or mLearning? Osman et al. (2010) cited learning by means of wireless technological devices that can be pocketed and utilized wherever the learners device is able to receive unbroken transmission signals. Sharples et al. (2007) argues that learning supported by mobile devices such as cellular (mobile) phones, portable computers, and personal audio players. It has been suggested by Brasher and Taylor(2004, p33-37) any sort of learning that happens when the learner is not at a fixed, predetermined location, or learning that happens when the learner takes advantage of the learning opportunities offered by mobile technologies. Rajasingham (2011) states that an activity that allows individuals to be more productive when consuming, interacting, or creating information, mediated through a compact digital portable device that the individual carries on a regular basis and has reliable connectivity and fits in a pocket or purse. With the help of Mobile learning participants are not required to sit in the classroom, just similar to distant learning. Because of increase in Mobile Learning, learning has taken a new route that can occur anywhere and at any point of time. Sharples et al (2007) states that Mobile Learning can occur wherever people, individually or collectively, have problems to solve or knowledge to share. Traxler (2007) and some others defined mobile learning as learning that is wireless and is done with the help of digital devices and technologies that are currently in trend, which is generated to help the general public, and it is being used by anyone who is trying to learn something remotely. And some of the others define mobile learning by concentrating only on the mobility of learners and the mobility of learning by the means of mobile devices used by learners such as smart phones. Osman (2010) cited in his article that Traxler (2007) writes: so, mobile learning is not about mobile or about learning as previously understood, but part of a new mobile conception of society. Mobile Learning is not only to provide learning to learners whenever they are mobile but it should overcome the outdated concepts and the assumptions that were made about learning and how what it can change in the society(also from the technological point of view). Osman (2010) notes that some of the definitions and the understandings for mobile education/learning, which put the basic focus on the technologies and hardware, and it doesnt matter that it can be a handheld device such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), and mobile device such as Smartphones or Tablets. He also states that These definitions undermine a proper understanding of the uses of mobile technology in learning by confining their explanations and descriptions to the actual physical way in which the technology operates. According to him some of the definitions puts more focus on what learners experience when they use mobile technologies in education, while others inquire how mobile learning can be used to make a unique contribution to the advancement of education and other forms of e-learning. Ally (2009) writes in his book of Mobile Learning the major benefit of using wireless mobile technology in his book which is to reach people who live in remote locations where there are no schools, teachers, or libraries. With the help of Mobile technology that can be used by anyone despite of their geographical location which will in turn benefit communities in such places as a result students and workers will stay with their families and are not suppose to move for jobs or to go to a different location to learn or to access information. He also said that At the same time, business owners, agriculture workers, and other working sectors can access information to increase productivity and improve the quality of their products by learning about agriculture and there aspects remotely using mobile devices. Finally, because remote access using wireless mobile technology reduces the need for travel, its use can reduce humanitys carbon footprint on earth to help maintain a cleaner environme nt. ECAR (2012) reported that students value anytime, anywhere access to the Internet. In the most recent ECAR study of students and IT, 78% of students considered Wi-Fi extremely valuable to their academic success. While a wireless telecommunications network is obviously preferable because it allows interaction, updates, hyperlinks, and more, it is still not ubiquitous. The ECAR research report Mobile IT in Higher Education, 2011 found that 76% of institutions report good or very good mobile communication signal coverage in the area of our institution. This is a positive trend for on-campus mobile learning; however, off-campus access to networks is important as well. Application Store for Mobile Learning in the Market According to a survey done by ECAR in 2011 it states that App Brain BlackBoard website where Stand-alone mobile learning applications are proliferating at an astonishing rate: As of September 2011, the iTunes App store offered 46,340 apps in the education category, accounting for 9.35% of all apps available; as of October 2011, the total number of education apps for the Android platform (available from the Android Market) was 12,129. Established e-learning systems have evolved to offer mobile components, fostering anytime, anywhere access to coursework. Blackboard Mobile is a mobile interface for the Blackboard learning management system that runs on iPad, iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, and WebOS mobile devices. Description about the use of BlackBoard App in Higher Education Most effective use of this use is to provide the users or learners with the benefit of accessing the information anytime irrespective of their geographical location and enhance the ways to enrich teaching learning. As a result it gives the students the benefits to stay connected to teachers the discussion forum and updated to the information regarding their studies. Everyone will have everything they need right on the mobile devices they wanted just a click away or a touch away from their variety of mobile devices including Android, BlackBerry and IPhone OS. With this application students and teachers can access and upload and download the multiple format document or information. This application also provide user to create thread or discussion forum to share their thoughts on a particular topic or they can seek help online by posting their problem in the discussion thread and get a reply as soon as possible from the ones who are in present in the thread. Benefits of using a BlackBoard application on a mobile device at just  £1.99 a year or  £5.99 for life: Drop Box Integration: it helps to stay updated on the android devices or iOS with the content on the phone and their drop box account so they can upload as well post that information on to the discussion thread. Mobile Tests: students can take online test which are available on the blackboard and can submit the test as well at the same time. Push Notification: students can receive notifications for new announcements, new graded items, a test being posted, and many other course activities Announcements: this place is where instructors will post the news that students need to know. Students can access them instantly anywhere, anytime. Grades: here students can have the access of their marks of their midterms or homework assignments. Discussion: is a communication tool which helps to post a topic and all the participants can post their comments in that discussion forum. Content: can have the access of all the information related to students course they opted for. Roster: this feature provides the access to the roster of the class i.e. class list and can create a group to study. Three basic concepts of Mobile Learning Osman(2010) showed Figure 1 in which he tried to cite the three basic concepts of Mobile Learning. Mobility of Technology: means with advancement of technology nowadays the processors of mobile phones are very fast as compared to the earlier smart phones. At present day we can say that there is a tsunami coming in respect of the technology as new mobile phones are being launched in every two or three week of time. Wi-Fi networks are moving the capability as of a home broadband with 3G and now 4G in market: Wikipedia states 4G networks promise up to 1 GB per second transfer speed for walking or stationary pedestrian usage. Wikipedia says that 4G wireless began rollouts in the United States in late 2010, and by 2015 the United States will have the largest 4G coverage in the world. The processing of mobile devices is increasing along with that of the networks: Phone CPUs, the chips that power mobile computing; have recently reached the 1 GHz speed, comparable to netbooks. Almost every smart phone has sensors for landscape portrait depending upon the comfort of the user for example Nokia N8, iPhones etc. Mobility of Learning/Learner: with the help of this it doesnt depend where the user or learner is located he or she can get the access of the information whenever they want to and from wherever they are located geographically, for example: Distant Learning. The m-learning projects WITHIN HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR Through out the world many projects and programs are going on in development of the mLearning applications and to promote mLearning within the educational institutes among the students and educators or trainers and help them to communicate remotely to share views and data. Projects going on within US Almost all the colleges and universities are taking Mobile Learning into the account to help learners to get the benefits of Mobile Learning and according to the ECAR research report done on mobile IT, 53% of colleges and universities had mobile-enabled at least one service, application, or website in the previous year. Similarly, a 2011 U.S. survey by the Campus Computing Project showed that 55.3% of public universities, 43.6% of public colleges, and 40.9% of community colleges have activated mobile apps as of fall 2011. Projects going on within UK ECAR (2012) states in their research bulletin that Outside the United States, mobile learning is growing by leaps and bounds. The U.K. MoLeNET program, possibly the worlds largest and most diverse implementation of mobile learning, fueled by more than $25 million in funding by government and academia, involves upwards of 40,000 learners in 104 different projects involving 147 colleges and 37 schools. ECAR (2012) states in their research bulletin that mobile learning project called MyArtSpace provided children on school trips to museums and galleries with mobile phones running apps linking multimedia content with the exhibits they were attending. The students could take photos, record themselves speaking, and enter notes, which the app then relayed to a website that students could share upon returning to their classrooms. Challenges in adopting mobile learning A major challenge for educators and trainers is how to develop learning materials for delivery on mobile devices. The learning materials should be in manageable learning chunks and should make use of multimedia. One approach is to develop the learning materials in the form of learning objects and then link them to form a learning segment. There are many advantages of using learning objects in mobile delivery including: they can be re-used and changed without affecting other learning objects, and they can be stored in an electronic repository for remote access at any time. YouTube (2012) states some of the challenges in a video for adopting Mobile Learning and they are as follow: Flash player which is in every smart phone but adobe said that they will not give it for every mobile device. How many devices users should have with them to access the mobile learning? To upload the data or information onto the mobile devices as the data are of heavy size so they are more and are not as good as for a Tablet(iPads, PDAs) more than a Smartphone. INCREASE IN production of Smart phones and iPads then laptops or desktops The above figure tells the increase in the production as well as the sale of the smart phones and tablets gradually since the year 1995-2010 as compared to that of a notebook or a desktop. CONCLUSION This paper gives a brief overview of some of the challenges and benefits of mLearning within the educational society to improve the outcome for learners and teachers as well. Mobile applications are growing day by day in market to help and support the learners and the teachers which in turn affects the way to communicate and share the information regarding learning perspectives. With the development of the technology the mobile technology is also increasing and it has advanced in such a way that mobile have the same chip size of the normal computer so we can use the same device to produce same outcome but it is more portable now and smaller in size. There are various applications like Blackboard Mobile in the market using which we can study on the portable devices such as smart phones, tablets, iPods etc which are smaller in size and they do the same work as a laptop or desktop wherever and whenever it is required to submit or download a document and can meet the deadlines on time. The use of mobile learning is new in education, it is important for learners and teachers to share what works and what does not work in mobile. This is critical because mobile devices are changing constantly with increasing capabilities and there is not enough time for everyone to conduct research and complete projects to learn about the best practices in mobile learning. This book is one attempt to give educators and trainers the opportunity to learn from the research and mobile learning projects so that they can build from where others have left off rather than start from the beginning. REFRENCES Scardamalia M and Bereiter C (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3, 265-283. Chan T, Sharples M, Vavoula G and Lonsdale P (2004). Educational metadata for mobile learning. In J Roschelle, T Chan, Y Kinshuk and SJH Yand (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (WMTE). Computer Society Press. At http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wmte/2004/1989/00/19890197.pdf IEEE (2002). IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata. IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2002. NewYork:The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Mohamed Osman M. El-Hussein and Johannes C. Cronje, Defining Mobile Learning in the Higher Education Landscape, Educational Technology Society 13, no. 3, 2010, 12-21, http://www.ifetsinfciliournals/133/3.pdf Mike Sharples, Josie Taylor, and Giasemi Vavoula, A Theory of Learning for the Mobile Age, in Sage Handbook of Elearning Research (London: Sage, 2007), 221-247 Andrew Brasher and Josie Taylor, Development of a Research Plan for Use of Ambient Technology to Test Mobile Learning Theories, in Mobile Learning Anytime Everywhere: A Book of Papers from MLEARN 2004, eds Jill Attewell and Carol Savill-Smith, 2004, 33-37. Watanabe T (2001). Knowledge management architecture of integrated educational support. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computers in Education, Seoul, 12-15 November, 1138-1141. Ally, M. (2009) Mobile Learning Transforming the Delivery of Education and Training 1-2, Sharples, Taylor, and Vavoula, A Theory of Learning for the Mobile Age, 224. Traxler, J. (2007). Defining, Discussing and Evaluating Mobile Learning: The Moving Finger Writes and Having Writ The International Review in Open and Distance Learning, 8, 1-13. Eden Dahlstrom, Tom de Boor, Peter Grunwald, and Martha Vockley, ECAR National Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2011 (Research Report) (Boulder, CO: EDUCAUSE Centre for Applied Research, October 2011), available from http://www.educauseedu/ecar This information comes from the website Mobile IT in Higher Education, 2011 Report, Resources for ECAR Subscribers, Data Tables, available from http://www.educauseedu/ECAR/MobiIelTinHiqherEducation20l1R1238470 This information comes from the website Mobile IT in Higher Education, 2011 Report, Resources for ECAR Subscribers, Data Tables, available from http://www.educause.edu/library/resources/future-mobile-learning Gregory Dobbin, with Eden Dahistrom, Pam Arroway, and I1ark C Sheehan, Mobile ITin Higher Education, 2011 (Research Report) (Boulder, CC: EDUCAUSE Centre for Applied Research, December 2011), 15-18. Big Gains in Going Mobile; Slow Movement Towards Cloud Computing, Campus Computing Project, http://wwwcampuscomputincjnetlitem/campus-computincj-2011-biq-qains-qoing-rnobile Mike Sharples, Dan Corlett, Susan Bull, Tony Chan, and Paul Rudman, uThe Student Learning Organiser in Mobile Learning: A Handbook for Educators and Trainers, eds. A. Kukulska-Hulme and J. Traxier (London: Routledge, 2005),139-149. Taylor, J., Sharples, M., and OMalley, C., Vavoula, G., and Waycott, J., (2005) Towards a Task Model for Mobile Learning: A Dialectical Approach, International Journal of Learning Technology, Special Issue: Interactions, objects and outcomes in learning, eds. P. McAndrew and A. Jones Passey D (1999). Anytime, anywhere learning project evaluation. Lancaster: Lancaster University/AAL. Romiszowski, Hows the e-learning baby? Factors leading to success or failure of an educational technology innovation, Educational Technology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 3-27, 2004. L. Rajasingham, Critical Factors for Successful E-Learning: ACase Study of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, E-Learn Centre, Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3), Barcelona, Spain, 2010. L. Rajasingham, Will Mobile Learning Bring a Paradigm Shift in Higher Education? (Education Research International Volume 2011 (2011), Essay ID 528495, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2011/528495 R. Van Eck, Digital game-based learning, Educause Review,pp. 17-30, 2006. R. Shen, M. Wang, and X. Pan, Increasing interactivity in blended classrooms through a cutting-edge mobile learning system, British Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1073-1086, 2008. H. Ryu, Designing situated learning experiences, in Innovative Mobile Learning, H. Ryu and D. Parsons, Eds., pp. 255-272, Information Science, New York, NY, USA, 2009. C. Quinn, mLearning:Mobile, wireless, in-your-pocket learning, 2000,http://www.linezine.com/2.1/features/cqmmwiyp.htm. 4G, Wikipedia, http://enwikipediaorqwiki4g YouTube (2012). The 5 Big Challenges of Mobile Learning YouTube . July 23rd 2012. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofBjtGQsfX0 [Accessed 3 November 2012].

Employee Relationship Management

Employee Relationship Management Assignment – 1 Trade Union In Jharkhand Jharkhand Krantikaari Mazdoor Union – JKMU Submitted by P. Lokeshwari S. Shahana Devi Jharkhand Krantikaari Mazdoor Union In July  JKMU  organised a union of 220 contract workers in a newly established private steel factory owned by Electro Steel Casting Ltd. 40 kms from Bokaro. All 500 workers employed in the plant are local workers. 100 workers’ services were terminated for participating in union formation activities. JKMU  organised a dharna and blockades with the help of local villagers and forced management to reinstate all workers.The Deputy Labour Commissioner also put pressure on management to take back the workers or else the factory license would be cancelled. The newly formed union held meetings with the  ALC  on 2nd & 10th July and submitted demand notice to management. In April-May in Bokaro Power Supply Co. Pvt. Ltd. (a joint venture between  SAIL  and  DVC)   JKMU  has a union of 500 contract workers. There are multiple unions in the plant, but the  JKMU  union members in the helper category who had been struggling for a year for implementation of minimum wages and other benefits finally boycotted payment for 10 days.The action ended with implementation of their demands by the contractor and payment of minimum wages was done in the presence of management and union representatives. The Jharkhand Krantikaari Mazdoor Union (JKMU) has been struggling for many years demanding permanent status for all workers on contract in perennial jobs in the Bokaro Steel Plant. The  JKMU  has been made a member of the Jharkhand State Contract Labour Advisory Board and the Jharkhand State Engineering Industries Wage Board. This is a rare incident as it is usually accepted that only central trade unions are made members of such state level boards.More than 90% of contract workers in the power sector are today members of  JKMU. Recent Struggles : 1. In Bokaro steel plant, contract and casual workers are not given quarters and had been living in slums. High Court has now given orders for encroachment, which would then lead to the demolition of these structures. SP and other district officials were gheraoed by workers. JKMU  had given a strike notice in 16-17 May 2011. Meetings were held everywhere and contract workers were mobilised in huge numbers. An application was also submitted simultaneously to the Regional Labour Commissioner (RLC) for rehabilitation of these workers.RLC  asked for quarters to be built and management finally accepted the demands for building permanent structures. 2. In July 2009  JKMU  organised a union of 220 contract workers in a newly established private steel factory owned by Electro Steel Casting Ltd. In this unit 100 workers were terminated for participating in union activities. JKMU  organised a dharna and several blockades with the help of local villagers and forced the management to reinstate all workers. The union could also force the Deputy Labour Commissioner exercise his power on the management to reinstate the workers with the threat to cancel the factory license.

Irac Essay Samples - Overview

Irac Essay Samples - Overview Irac Essay Samples Secrets You must analyse the facts from the rule and the matter of the specific case. On occasion the question will supply the issue for you. You will need to reveal your professor that you comprehend the matter, what the rule with that matter is, the way that it would influence the facts at hand, and what the possible conclusion is from that application. You are then going to be prepared to not just talk about the scenario, yet to compare and contrast it to other cases involving a similar matter. No matter if it's right or wrong, the facts have to be analysed and reasoned in the appropriate way. Topic sentences are used at the start of the body paragraphs in order to emphasize the idea being discussed. Keep in mind that one question could have many legal problems. Problem questions can appear daunting as you're confronted with a huge scenario with several things happening, and it's not always easy to understand where to sta rt. If you encounter a word that you don't know, use a dictionary to seek out its meaning. Very good research is, thus, a normal technique of the way to compose a law essay and allow it to be professional at exactly the same time. The papers on law are intended to inform in addition to educate the students on current problems that are linked to law. Law papers writing is a typical thing in schools together with institutions since they attempt to inform the folks on the laws which should be adhered to. Even if your law paper writing is targeted at reviewing or answering a question, the function of the legal essay ought to be clearly stated. Completing the legal essay doesn't indicate that the work is finished. Structuring and organizing the law papers is exactly like the effort you've got to spend the legal essay research. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. Put simply, you've got to intend to execute the direct step. There's a specific procedure of how essays ought to be written. Most occasions, a simple composition doesn't necessitate study as you're quite comfortable of what it is that you are writing about. The Irac Essay Samples Trap As soon as you have framed your issue, then give your answer. In addition, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Calculate the length of time you must compose an answer, and be sure you have the capacity to use your script within that timeframe. In case the company is then perhaps the customer is proper. It is insufficient to have a very good strategy for answering exam questions. Make sure you get any model answer or sample answer which goes with the exam. The best method to come across questions is to receive your hands on every available practice exam and write answers to every question. Make sure that as soon as you start to practice answering multiple choice questions which you proceed through the questions slowly and methodically. If you don't know the legal rule, look this up in your outline. It's possible to also add the question that you would like to answer in the write-up. See the examples to observe how it's done. Below you'll find a few distinctive examples. The Facts are extremely crucial for each step while using the method and determine it how the practice of the reasoning needs to be developed. If the company is located in a crime-ridden area, When briefing an instance, your intention is to lower the info from the case into a format that will give you with a beneficial reference in class and for review. Hopefully, the post gives you the enough info on the topic and would allow you to understand it from every facet. In the event that you chance to be creating an academic article. You have to have the intent to take the essential actions. Laws were made by precisely the same human beings who mean to follow along with the rules. The law is currently applied to the facts of the situation. You must choose carefully which laws and cases may help you answer the issue convincingly and logically. Understanding Irac Essay Samples IRAC is devoted to prolonging the potency of insecticides and acaracides by countering resistance. The best thing about IRAC is the fact that it permits you to lower the intricacies of the law to a very simple equation. IRAC essay should begin with the most pertinent issue of the case letting the readers to be careful of the topic. IRAC law essay must follow appropriate technique as a way to chalk out substantial and relevant difficulties. If you believe that your answer will look somewhat stupid, just put everything in the 1 paragraph, but be sure you adhere to the IRAC structure. If there's more than 1 issue to address, then you have to write an individual IRAC analysis for each situation. It would be useful to tackle each issue the IRAC way, not mix them up together in 1 answer. You can attempt to compose the rule of that specific case in your words. The law is a significant element in every society. You ought to use the facts to explain the method by which the rule contributes to the conclusion. Today you can point out the facts that are applicable or not applicable to every portion of the law.

The Impact of Leadership Styles on Job Stress and Turnover...

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Essay on SWOT Analysis of Holland and Barrett - 1894 Words

CONTENTS Page(s) 1. Introduction 1 2. Company Background 1 3. Swot Analysis 1–2 4. Strengths 3-4 5. Weaknesses 5-6 6. Opportunities 7 7. Threats 8. Recommendation/ Conclusion APA Referencing 8-9 10 10 - 12 1.0 Introduction The purpose of this report is to identify the factors found in the internal and external environments that could affect Holland and Barrett, a franchise brought to Singapore by the Jay Gee Melwani Group. 2.0 Company Background Holland Barrett is a leading European brand, selling vitamins, minerals and herbal supplements (Holland and Barrett, 2013). The Melwani Group is a family run business, which represents and markets leading brands like Aigner, Aldo,†¦show more content†¦As a result, by way of association with the Melwani group and also locating only in shopping malls, Holland Barrett has also been embedded with the impression that the health supplements it carries, are of a high quality. Page 3 of 12 Socially Responsible Holland and Barrett’s products come in recycled plastic bottles which are biodegradable. This will attract and encourage consumers to purchase from their outlets knowing that they themselves are doing a part in saving mother earth. Page 4 of 12 5.0 Weaknesses The purpose of identifying the company’s internal weaknesses is to allow the company to improve on or if possible, remove it. This is the stage where management have to rectify the identified weaknesses. Over-reliance on Foreign Labour Based on anecdotal evidence, almost all the sales associates employed at the Holland Barrett, are foreign workers. As far as one can tell, most of these workers are from the People’s Republic of China or the Philippines. While such a HR policy may be borne out of necessity in Singapore’s tight labour market, especially in the retail industry, it has implications on the quality of service rendered. From personal experience, staff from PRC were unable to efficiently articulate the information with regards to products in English. In fact, when the staff reverted to their mother tongue, they were then able to provide more indepth information about their products. Location of the Outlets Unlike itsShow MoreRelatedHistorical Trends and Development of the breakfast cereal market12998 Words   |  52 PagesBox is to be the healthy breakfast cereal of choice. The mission is therefore, to provide Britain with the finest healthy cereal range, by satisfying the needs of the on the go consumer, through innovation and creativity. 4. Market Analysis A market analysis was compiled to find out if there is a demand for OTB’s product and also who within the market, the organisation are catering for. Market size: In 2010, the hot cereals sector recorded its highest annual value growth in at least fourRead MoreTesco Segmentation Targeting Positioning3313 Words   |  14 Pages reach to 45% of market share. The expected net profit margin from 5% increase in the market share is  £60.5 million. Macro-Environmental Analysis To be aware of any change in macro-environment which will affect the strategies or objectives of Tesco Wellness in the future, Pestle analysis outcomes should be taken into account. Important outcomes of this analysis are; outperformance of convience stores, the growth in online market, need for customer service orientation and trend of healthy and sustainableRead MoreThe Various Elements of Marketing3192 Words   |  13 Pagesresearch is valuable for Boots to compare the prices with its competitors and need to offer the most reasonable price for their customers. The prices should be less than the competitors. The key competitors for Boots are Superdrug, supermarkets and Holland Barrett. Boots strengthen their collaboration with the pharmaceutical companies and suppliers to distribute their products with minimum cost so can offer their customers with competitive price. Place: According to Boots international that the productsRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesconsideration of factors relevant to strategy-based human resource investment decisions. Factors to be discussed include the organization’s managerial values, risk and return trade-offs, the economic rationale for investments in training, the investment analysis approach of utility theory, and outsourcing as an alternative to investments in human resources. Following the discussion of these factors, specific investments in strategy-related training and development will be considered. This discussion will

Beowulf Questions Free Essays

Question 1 What is the name of the castle where the first few sections of the poem take place? Â   Â   Heorot Camelot Wulfing Hrothgar Question 2 Who is the king at the beginning of the poem? Unferth Hrothgar Heorot Beowulf Question 3 Grendel is a descendant of what Biblical figure? Samson Cain Lucifer Noah Question 4 Where do the people make offerings to try to get aid from Grendel’s attacks? Muslim mosques Pagan shrines Catholic cathedrals Jewish temples Question 5 Beowulf arrives to help the Danes On foot On horseback On the back of a dragon By ship Question 6 Which character is jealous of Beowulf? Hygelac Wealhthow Unferth Hrothgar Question 7 During the feast, Beowulf describes what kind of contest in which he competed against Breca? Swimming Running Jousting Storytelling Question 8 How long is Beowulf king of Geatland before the dragon wake? 50 years 10 years 25 years 5 years Question 9 What wakes the dragon? Grendel’s mother wakes the dragon to help her fight Beowulf. An intruder handles and removes a gem-studded goblet from the dragon’s lair. Beowulf confronts the sleeping dragon in his lair. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dragon’s eggs begin to hatch. Question 10 Where does the dragon’s treasure come from? It is the cache of a highborn race of people who have all died. It is Beowulf’s inheritance from King Hygelac. It belonged to the dragon’s father. It belongs to Hrothgar and the Danes. Question 11 What is the dragon’s primary weapon when he attacks the homesteads? His sharp talons The fire that he breathes A sword that belonged to the ancient gods Unferth’s sword Hrunting Question 12 What does the dragon destroy that upsets Beowulf? Beowulf’s home Beowulf’s armor The castle Heorot The tree of life Question 13 Who volunteers to fight the dragon? Unferth Hygelac Hrothgar Beowulf Question 14 What weapon finally kills the dragon? A dagger A cannon Bare hands A torch Question 15 What regret does Beowulf express as he is dying? He was unable to kill the dragon. He never married. He is leaving the Geats penniless. He never had a son. How to cite Beowulf Questions, Essay examples

Financial Misselling Concerns and Causes

Question: How and why does financial mis-selling occur? Critically discuss the question making reference to different perspectives and theories. Outline and describe two real world cases of mis-selling [as provided on the module blackboard site or from your own research] and indicate how and why financial mis-selling has developed in these cases. Answer: Introduction The concept of Misselling is very important in todays financial sector. Misrepresenting the service or product to complete the sales is called Misselling. It is considered illegal in many countries. Misselling is used by various financial firms for many years. It is the sale of the financial product or investment by unsuitable, false information or misleading advice. Infulence of misspelling is strong on the sales. Deceptive practices and corporate culture is associated with financial misselling. Financial Misselling may be ignorant, aggressive or ineffectual sales tactics (Inderst and Ottaviani, 2009). It is a failure to advise appropriately to customers and are strategies which are used to sell the products to the customers which they do not require. In this report, we have tried to explain the various perspective of financial misspelling. Two real life cases of misselling and how financial misspelling developed in these two cases are described in this report. Misselling Implications and Concerns Misselling is an unsuitable advice given to the customer in which the risk are not properly explained to them which results in buying a product that is not right for them. Like, for example, a customer wanted to buy a computer, and he told the sales person that he want the computer to watch the DVDs. The sales person recommended a computer model to him, and he took that computer home and later found that the model does not have the DVD drive. It does not mean that the computer is wrong, but the problem is that it is not as per requirement which means that the model was mis-sold by the salesperson to the customer. Financial misselling may be of two types: Material suitability and Material misrepresentation. Material Misrepresentation means giving incomplete or misleading information to the customer about the product or service and makes it appear like something which is not true whereas suitability misselling means selling unsuitable service or product to the customers (Arthur, 2006). The salesperson who advises the investor to buy the financial product should recommend the product which suits them, and he should properly explain what are the risk involved in it, what the product cant do and can do (Georgosouli, 2011). If the salesperson fails to do so, then the customer may be allowed to claim compensation for the same. Financial services may be sold to the customers in a manner which is clear, fair and not misleading. It should treat the customers fairly. Few key points about financial misspelling which should be kept in mind are: Customer can make a complaint against financial misselling even if they do not lose money (Carlin, 2009). If the requirement of the product does not suit them and it is a risky investment then also they can make the complaint against the financial misselling. But a complaint can only be made if they were not informed about the risk involved in the investment. The circumstances about which the customer is neither aware nor they desire d than the customer is at financial disadvantaged. The minimum standard and commitments that the organization is bound to provide to the consumers are called the corporate codes. The corporate code typically includes the following: A commitment to the employees and the company towards general ethical standards, have values such as trust, integrity, honesty, working towards the interest of the consumers and the stakeholders, complying the regulatory requirements and the laws, fair competition, respecting the environment and the social responsibility. . There exist distinct views about misselling: Misselling is considered as a moral risk. It arises from regulatory judgment and misguided paternalism (Carlin and Manso, 2010). Causes of Financial Misselling There exist various causes for misselling activities: Customers are not made aware of the risk involved with a particular product and the problems associated with it which lead to inappropriate and expensive services. Customers often fail to identify the quality of the product they have purchased. HR practices that are followed in the organization like sales persons are employed without their integrity check. The sales persons recruited belongs to their family or friends. The practices of higher commission for higher sales are encouraged. Encouraging the customers to repurchase the product they do not require (Ericson and Doyle, 2006). The companies are aware of the fact that confused and miss informed customer end up making poor purchase decision which leads the company to earn high profits. Conflicts of interest may also lead to misselling. An individual may desire and pursue his interest above the interest of others. Organizational structure and the actions arising due to such str ucture can also lead to the conflict of interest (Wierzbicka, 2016). A financial advisor or suppliers have more knowledge about the financial services which can lead the financial advisor to mislead the consumers. The sales persons are more exposed to the ethical practices because they work in unsupervised settings; they are responsible primarily to generate revenue which can sometimes be very stressful (Gray, 2004). Short-term objectives are the basis for their evaluation, and they are paid by commission. Lack of transparency leads to misselling. These all reasons lead the salesperson to work unethically. It involves resource misallocation throughout the society. The economy can work efficiently only if the resources are allocated to services people require. Inappropriate sales have led to the financial crisis in the USA in the year 2007-2010. By purchasing inappropriate services, the customer tends to pay more and will not be able to support themselves and their family in retireme nt. This financial distress causes mental illness and can lead to job loss and marital breakdown. If the firm sells inappropriate products to the customers than it can lose the trust of the customers which can hamper the reputation of the firm. Product managers use complex pricing and marketing strategies to make more profit and to baffle the investors (Plosser, 2008).The levels of fines and punishments have increased substantially in the recent years. It has reached to the level of 138.59 billion pounds for the year 2012-2014 in the USA. Whereas in the UK it was 247.20 billion pounds between the period of 2002-2015 (Huberman And Jiang, 2006). Steps taken to avoid misselling The investment advisors must follow the law, codes of conduct and legislation of consumers protections. If he does not follow the rules as framed by the law than he may have to face the penalty for the same (Ferran, 2012). To avoid misspelling the financial advisor must act with due care, skills and diligence which are to the best interest of the market and the clients. They should assess the clients financial situation and investment objectives. The advisors should know their client and should assess the appropriateness of the product for the customers. Should make the client aware of the risks attached to a particular product (Hill And Kozup, 2007). Should develop a reasonable and prompt system to handle the complaints of the clients. Properly document the appropriateness and suitability of the product for the client, ensure properly that the staff is aware of the codes and the rules of the business and provide proper training to the staff.By providing better information and Libert arian paternalism, misselling can be avoided. The advisors need to act in the favor and the interest of the investors and should be trustworthy. The investors should develop the ability of decision making. The public agency or government must develop regulation to keep a watch on the activities which affects the public. To control market failures, regulations needs to be undertaken. There are many market failures that exist like excessive profits, anticompetitive behavior, scarcity, monopolies, etc. The two theories towards the approaches to regulation are public interest and private interest. The theory of public interest helps to avoid the conflicts of interest and helps in preventing the risk taking (Leyshon and Thrift, 2007). The theory of private interest means that private welfare and individual improvement plays an important role in the regulation process. The key concern in the process of regulation is Distributional Justice and paternalism. Due to various misspelling scanda ls which took place in the UK and around the world Steps have been taken to improve and enhance the financial literacy of the consumers. The increase in Customer empowerment and Responsibilization is the primary reason for the change to happen. Having the skills, knowledge, and confidence to take financial decisions responsibly is called financial literacy. It is an ability to evaluate and understand the information and take decisions after having knowledge of the financial consequences. The three elements that define financial capabilities are skills, understanding, and knowledge, Attitude and confidence. The people who are financially capable can take good financial decisions (Stango and Zinman, 2009). They can manage and understand their debts and credits. They can measure the returns and risks which are involved in the investment and savings options. They have wider social, ethical, political dimensions for their finances. Recent Cases Royal Sun Alliance Life and Pensions Ltd and Royal Sun Alliance Linked Insurances Ltd Royal Sun Alliance Life Pensions Ltd and Royal Sun Alliance Linked Insurances Ltd is a part of Royal Sun Alliance Group which consist of a substantial part of United Kingdom Life operation. RSA has been penalized by FSA for breaching the rules and regulations as framed by PIA Rules, SIB principles, and LAUTRO Rules while selling its Home Plan mortgage endowment policies. During July 1998 to June 1999, it was found that RSAs advisors had failed miserably to provide suitable recommendations to its customers of mortgage endowment. In certain cases, it was found that its monitoring was insufficient and was not able to exercise due care to provide suitable recommendations. They have related the policy of mortgage endowment as a tool for repayment of the mortgage. The documents for finding the risk of the investor were not proper of the RSA. RSA has failed to monitor its processes adequately. As the nature and size of RSA were big, therefore many customers were exposed towards the poss ibility of risk and loss. Advisors are required and obliged to recommend and advice only those policies to the customers which best suit their requirement after identifying the attitude of the customers towards risks involved in the policy of mortgage endowment. It is important that the customer is aware of the risk involved in the policy, and if they are not prepared to accept the risk, then the product is not suitable for them. The advisors have failed to provide their best advice towards RSAs home plan policies. As RSA is responsible for its advisors and the failure of the advisors to recommend the best policy that suits the customers requirement, it is the failure of RSA as well. The procedures followed by the advisors for making recommendations were lacking in RSA. The documentations to find out the fact that is customers attitude towards risk were inadequate. RSAs Bag note does not provide proper guidance about the procedure of fact findings. The training provided to the advis ors was not sufficient and was given insufficient details to identify the customers for whom the policy will be unsuitable. The risk category followed by RSA was not proper as it does not enable the checkers to identify the risk adverse customers from the documents alone. RSA failed to monitor the employees, investment staff and the appointed representatives by the procedure established by the PIA Rules. Timely actions were not taken on the misselling made towards the sale of short- term contracts. FFQC failed to check the short-term contract sales. Some samples were checked by the enforcement which recommended that some sales were made for less period than the recommended period, and no evidence exist that the customer wants the policy for less than the recommended period. With the help of the documentation alone, the risk checkers could not find out the risk adverse customers. The high penalty was imposed by the regulatory authority so that the contraventions are not committed to further by the firm. While determining the financial penalty, FSA has taken into consideration the seriousness of the contravention and the misconduct. In this particular case, the internal procedures of RSA have serious flaws and the procedure followed by RSA to determine the attitude of the customer was not proper. For determining the penalty FSA needs to consider all the relevant facts of the case like the seriousness of the misconduct, the loss caused to the customers due to misselling. Due to this misconduct, a financial penalty of 9, 50,000 pound was imposed on RSA. The penalty was required to be paid in full by RSA. The penalty was required to be paid on or before 8th April 2003. If the penalty was not paid to FSA on time than FSA can recover the amount as an amount outstanding due to FSA. Pacific Continental Securities (UK) Ltd The second case is of Pacific Continental Securities (UK) Ltd. PCS was incorporated in February 2001. It was a stockbroking firm. It provides specialized advice to retail customers. It deals in the trading of AIM (Alternative Investment Market). For generating more customers PCS used the strategy of financial promotions and mail shots. It provided free research reports. Once consent has been received from the customer than a research report was sent to the customers and they were telephoned to open a trading account. The customers were mainly contacted through telephone and the senior advisors advice the customers about the shares they should purchase. The company has received a decision notice on 23rd December 2008 from FSA under section 205 of the FSMA. FSA has issued a public censure as against the company. The FSA has issued a public censure on the company for the breaches conducted by the firm on the principle of business which is in connection with arranging and advising on the sales of high- risk securities to the customers between the periods of April 2005 to June 2007. PCS has failed to perform its business with integrity which is considered as a breach of the principle 1; it has failed to take reasonable care to control and organize its business effectively and responsibly taking into account the adequate system of risk management which is considered as a breach of principle 3. It has failed to give due regards towards the interest of its consumers and to treat them fairly which is the breach of principle 6. And it failed to deal in a cooperative and open way with the FSA which is the breach of principle 13. The breaches mentioned above relates to the failures of the PCS when arranging and advising to the customers towards the purchase of securities with high risk. During the period mentioned above the expected standards of PCS fell below the level of the regulatory system. PCS has recklessly and deliberately operated its business to misled its consum ers, and it permitted its representative or advisors to engage themselves in inappropriate practices of selling despite being aware of its failings. It had failed to comply adequate monitoring system. It has not treated its customers fairly and conducted trading which is more than the requirement of the customers trading limits. It was not co-operating with FSA during the investigation process and had failed to cooperate and open with the FSA. The failings of PSA were serious. PSA knowingly used the unacceptable sales methods and practices. It provided inappropriate, misleading and incomplete information to its customers which lead to a risk to the customers. Customers were encouraged to purchase the securities about which they were uncertain and hesitated. In spite of the customers telling the advisor that they do not sufficient amount to invest in PCS, the advisors make multiple calls to the customers. There were many issues in the report provided to the BOD of PCS which includes misleading advice about the prices and trend of the securities, lack of arithmetical ability, calling the customers in unsuitable situations, Lack of knowledge about gearing and ratios and unstructured presentations. The issues which are mentioned above were repeated in many of the compliance reports also. This lead to a penalty of 20,00,000 pound on PSA which is considered a very important reason which leads to its liquidation. Conclusion The pressure on selling the products makes advisors less interested in bothering about the risk that customers can have because of misspelling. In todays climate, it is very likely that misselling claims will continue to rise. The firm who are providing investment advice should review their risk management and internal procedure. Changing this mindset is a major challenge and earning commission should not be the only motto. Because of these instances, there have been calls in the UK to ban the products by selling on commission. Tight control must be imposed to reduce misspelling in the financial industry. It is the responsibility of the seller to not to provide misleading information to the buyers. However, it can be seen around the world that the brokers and bankers sell the products which are best for them in spite of selling the products which best suits the buyers. The number of cases of misselling is increasing. As the customers and bankers are chasing over higher returns, such cases have increased drastically.Customers should also develop awareness about the products they are purchasing to avoid misselling and purchase the products that best suits their requirement. By developing the financial literacy, corporate codes, regulation and whistle- blowing financial misselling can be avoided. References Arthur, T. (2006). More Pensions Mis-Selling Ahead: By Government Of Course.Economic Affairs, 26(4), pp.72-74. Carlin, B. (2009). Strategic price complexity in retail financial marketsà ¢Ã‹Å"† .Journal of Financial Economics, 91(3), pp.278-287. Carlin, B. and Manso, G. (2010). Obfuscation, Learning, and the Evolution of Investor Sophistication.Rev. Financ. Stud., 24(3), pp.754-785. Ericson, R. and Doyle, A. (2006). The Institutionalization of Deceptive Sales in Life Insurance: Five Sources of Moral Risk.British Journal of Criminology, 46(6), pp.993-1010. Ferran, E. (2012). Regulatory Lessons from the Payment Protection Insurance Mis-selling Scandal in the UK.European Business Organization Law Review, 13(02), pp.247-270. Financial Structure and Monetary Policy Channels. (2002).Journal of Financial Intermediation, 11(4), p.486. Georgosouli, A. (2011). The FSA's Treating Customers Fairly (TCF) Initiative: What is So Good About It and Why It May Not Work.Journal of Law and Society, 38(3), pp.405-427. Gray, J. (2004). The Legislative Basis of Systemic Review and Compensation for the Mis-Selling of Retail Financial Services and Products.Statute Law Review, 25(3), pp.196-208. Hill, R. and Kozup, J. (2007). Consumer Experiences with Predatory Lending Practices.Journal of Consumer Affairs, 41(1), pp.29-46. Huberman, G. and Jiang, W. (2006). Offering versus Choice in 401(k) Plans: Equity Exposure and Number of Funds.The Journal of Finance, 61(2), pp.763-801. Inderst, R. (2010). Misselling (financial) products: The limits for internal compliance.Economics Letters, 106(1), pp.35-37. Inderst, R. and Ottaviani, M. (2009). Misselling through Agents.American Economic Review, 99(3), pp.883-908. Leyshon, A. and Thrift, N. (2007). The Capitalization of Almost Everything: The Future of Finance and Capitalism.Theory, Culture Society, 24(7-8), pp.97-115. Martin, C. and Milas, C. (2013). Financial crises and monetary policy: Evidence from the UK.Journal of Financial Stability, 9(4), pp.654-661. Perry, V. and Motley, C. (2009). Where's the Fine Print?: Advertising and the Mortgage Market Crisis.California Management Review, 52(1), pp.29-44. Plosser, C. (2008). Financial Econometrics, Financial Innovation, and Financial Stability.Journal of Financial Econometrics, 7(1), pp.3-11. Schwartz, J., Luce, M. and Ariely, D. (2011). Are Consumers Too Trusting? The Effects of Relationships with Expert Advisers.Journal of Marketing Research, 48(SPL), pp.S163-S174. Smith, R. (2011). Investigating financial aspects of dogà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fighting in the UK.Journal of Financial Crime, 18(4), pp.336-346. Stango, V. and Zinman, J. (2009). What Do Consumers Really Pay on Their Checking and Credit Card Accounts? Explicit, Implicit, and Avoidable Costs.American Economic Review, 99(2), pp.424-429. Taek Yi, H., Dubinsky, A. and Un Lim, C. (2012). Determinants of telemarketer misselling in life insurance services.Journal of Services Marketing, 26(6), pp.403-418. Westland, J. (2015). The information content of financial survey response data.Financial Innovation, 1(1). Wierzbicka, E. (2016). Misselling BarierƦ Rozwoju UbezpieczeÅ„ W Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe WyÃ…Â ¼szej SzkoÅ‚y Humanitas ZarzƦdzanie, 17(2), pp.315-327.